Smart Cities & Biodigital Convergence: Disconnecting the Dots
Nanoparticles Are Now in Everything, Including Humans
Nanotechnology, including nanosensors, are now in dust, air, rainwater, plants, soil, food, vitamins, supplements, healthcare, medicine, cosmetics, clothing, and inside the human body. Nanoparticles enter the body through inhalation, absorption into the skin, ingestion, and through medical or dental procedures.
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Nanotechnology in dust
Smart dust create networks that contain sensors, computer software, wireless communication capabilities and have their own autonomous power supply.
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Future bio-nanotechnology will use computer chips inside living cells
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Wireless Recording in the Peripheral Nervous System with Ultrasonic Neural Dust
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Nanotechnology in air
Many nanoparticles used in aerosol and sprayed into the air are dual purpose, meaning they are capable of more than one function- possible of serving more than one goal.
"Expert opinion: Aerosol-based technologies can be used to design nanoparticles with the desired functionality.“
Fabrication of aerosol-based nanoparticles and their applications in biomedical fields
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In another example, a document on solar radiation modification aerosol spray found in this section discusses the "potential applications in biological, electronic, and quantum technologies.” There is a long list of nanomaterials used in weather modification/ geoengineering. Some are capable of affecting the atmosphere while also building nanonetworks inside the human body. However, not all nanomaterials are self assembling once inside the body.
Nanomaterials called carbon nanotubes are showing up in the lungs of children:
Anthropogenic Carbon Nanotubes Found in the Airways of Parisian Children
What are carbon nanotubes?
"This glass capillary tube, shown here on a fingertip, has been loaded with glucose-sensitive nanotubes. The capillary tube keeps the nanotubes confined, but has porous walls so that glucose molecules can get to them."
Carbon Nanotubes Yield a New Class of Biological Sensors
Carbon NanoTube-Based Biosensors
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Solar Radiation Management (SRM):
This is also known as solar engineering and involves reflecting sunlight back into space to cool the planet.
Inhaling nanoparticles as a result of Solar Radiation Modification (SRM) using stratospheric aerosol injections is discussed in the document below:
“Using available evidence, we describe the potential direct occupational and public health impacts of exposures to aerosols likely to be used for SRM, including environmental sulfates, black carbon, metallic aluminum, and aluminum oxide aerosols. We speculate on possible health impacts of exposure to one promising SRM material, barium titanate, using knowledge of similar nanomaterials.
Human exposures to materials used for SRM could occur during the manufacture, transportation, deployment and post-deployment of these materials. In this paper, unless otherwise stated, inhalation is the primary route of exposure considered.
Population exposures:
Due to atmospheric circulation and gravitational deposition, large-scale population exposures to atmospherically-injected SRM materials will almost certainly occur after their deployment. Population exposures could also occur through ingestion of food and water contaminated with deposited particles, as well as transdermally. Unlike occupational exposures, there has been virtually no research done to estimate ground-level personal exposures to SRM materials…
In contrast to occupational exposures, population exposures to SRM materials will be continuous and prolonged over months to years, but will likely be orders of magnitude lower than those experienced occupationally. Thus the health effects will be primarily chronic in nature. The use of PPE to reduce personal exposures to deposited SRM materials is not feasible on a population scale."
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Nanoparticles Sulfur dioxide (SiO2) and Silicon dioxide (SiO2) as precursors in aircraft aerosol us in Solar Radiation Modification (SRM):
Nanoparticles in cloud brightening:
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This Scientific American article linked below about the same project reads, “The experiment is spraying microscopic salt particles into the air…” Note their misleading use of the word ‘microscopic’.
Researcher Pete Ramón points out:
“Microscale can never be nanoscale in terms of measurement. When non-scientific authors use micro- to describe nano- they're wrong, but when scientists in the field use micro- to describe nano-, it's intentionally misleading/confusing the reader. That said, nanomaterials can be coagulated/agglomerated/grown to create micro-sized materials. Also, creating nanomaterials from micro can also be done via techniques such as ablation and sonication.”
Geoengineering Test Quietly Launches Salt Crystals into Atmosphere (2024)
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This article linked below reads, “Developing a new cloud-aerosol research instrument for use in small-scale field studies. This new research instrument generates controlled volumes and sizes of tiny, sub-micrometer seawater particles in sufficient numbers to increase the local brightness of low clouds in a marine environment"
Researcher Pete Ramón points out their use of the word “sub-micrometer” means by definition that it is nanoscale. If it’s in the nanoscale, we are talking about nanoparticles. Specifically, nanoparticles being released into the sky.
Marine Cloud Brightening Program
Salt particles ranging in size from 30-100 nanometers are the most effective for spraying.
“Factors determining the most efficient spray distribution for marine cloud brightening”
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Nanoparticles in cloud seeding:
Water molecules in the atmosphere are too small to combine on their own to form cloud droplets. To form condensation, they need something larger to condense on (preferably flatter surface and at least one micrometer in size). That’s where cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) come in, otherwise known as cloud seeds.
Cloud seeds, or cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), are created by new particle formation (NPF), which are created by even smaller particles forming together.
“Nucleation” sums up this process, where extremely small aerosol particles form larger particles in the sky.
The scale of nucleation in the atmosphere ranges in the pico-/nano- scale of measurement. NPF may sometimes begin as tiny as picoparticles, build into nanoparticles, then cluster into bigger microparticles.
Atmospheric nanoparticles are referred to as Aitken nuclei by The American Meteorological Society (named after John Aitken).
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An invention for cloud seeding using nanotechnology, involving graphene oxide and silica dioxide nanoparticles: “3d reduced graphene oxide/sio 2 composite for ice nucleation”
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Scientists advance cloud-seeding capabilities with nanotechnology
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How Clouds Form: There are two ingredients needed for clouds to form: water and nuclei
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Using nanotechnology to accelerate the water condensation nucleation and growth for rain enhancement
Nanotechnology in rainwater
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Nanotechnology in plants
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Plant Nanobionics: Application of Nanobiosensors in Plant Biology
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The scientist who came up with the Plantenna: P.G. Steeneken
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Plantenna: towards a network of vegetation-integrated sensors for plant and environmental monitoring
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Plantenna: Using Plant Leaves to Increase Antenna Performance
Nanotechnology in farming
Nanofarming, precision farming, smart farming, plant nanobionics, and other such trends all incorporate the use of nanotechnology, including some “organic” farming:
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Nanobionics in Crop Production: An Emerging Approach to Modulate Plant Functionalities​
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Some Emerging Opportunities of Nanotechnology Development for Soilless and Microgreen Farming
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Nanofarming: Promising Solutions for the Future of the Global Agriculture Industry
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Cyborg Botany: Exploring In-Planta Cybernetic Systems for Interaction
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Nanotechnology in food
This is one way it enters your body. Nanoparticles can breach the blood-brain barrier.
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An Overview of the Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanodevices in the Food Industry
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Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis as a Biomolecular Communication Network for the Internet of Bio-NanoThings
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Nanotechnology in soft drinks
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Nanotechnology in vitamins
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Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals
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Advances in Nanofabrication Technology for Nutraceuticals: New Insights and Future Trends
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Organ-on-Chip: Advancing Nutraceutical Testing for Improved Health Outcomes:
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Nanotechnology in Nootropics
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Nanotechnology in tobacco
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Nanotechnology in healthcare
Equipment:
3D bioprinting is used in the making of healthcare equipment (face masks, face shields, rapid detection kits, testing swabs, biosensors, and various ventilator components):
Injections:
Covid-19 shots contain self assembling nanotechnology. This is well documented and will be only touched on briefly given the large scope of this subject.
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The Covid shots were created utilizing 3D bioprinting with programmable shape-shifting nanotechnology enabled smart materials. See more here.
Other routes of injecting nanotech are talked about by Professor Ian Akyıldız. He discusses injecting remotely programable nano machines to help fight disease, complete with gateways and bio cyber interfaces with two way communication.
Science and Society Meetings - XI, Prof. Dr. İlhan Fuat Akyıldız, Georgia University
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Nanobots that self replicate are used in chemotherapy, “vaccines”, gene therapy, and more:
Nano pharmacology/Nanomedicine:
The following two lectures describe ways in which nanoparticles enter human cells in relation to pharmacology:
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Translation of Drug Exposure Between Virtual Populations to Support Drug Development
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Cellular Uptake of Nanoparticles: Mechanisms and Consequences
Iron oxide nanoparticles can be introduced into the body through medicine. The following discuss medical applications of iron oxide in relation to pharmacology:
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“A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict the Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide”
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Materials Science for Nanomedicine: Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (2016)
Homeopathy as Nanomedicine, Ayurvedice Nanomedicine, and Allopathic Nanomedicine, Nanoparticle herbs:
Traditional and alternative medicines are now being used in nanoparticle form, and may be included under the category of nano pharmacology.
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Ayurvedic Nanomedicine, Allopathic Nanomedicine, and Homeopathy
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Homoeopathy: A nano medicine (International Journal of Homoeopathic Sciences)
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Advances in Integrative Nanomedicine for Improving Infectious Disease Treatment in Public Health
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Orthopedic implants:
Traditional orthopedic implants now include nanotechnology. Specifically, implantable sensors- a variation of Internet or Bio-Nano-Things (IoBNT). 4D bioprinting is utilized.
The Homeland Defense & Security Information Analysis Center (HDIAC), which is part of the U.S. Department of Defense’s Information Analysis Center (IAC), talks about implantable nano sensors in the following webinar:
HDIAC Webinar - Bringing the Hospital to the Patient: Advances in Implantable Nano Sensors
Dr. Tom Webster, professor of chemical engineering at Northeastern University, talks more about implantable nano sensors in this brief video:
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Nanotechnology in cosmetics
Many types of nanomaterials are found in cosmetics in increasing levels. They can absorb into the body from the skin.
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Role of Nanotechnology in Cosmeceuticals: A Review of Recent Advances
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Nanocosmetics Fundamentals, Applications and Toxicity: Micro and Nano Technologies
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Mycology-Nanotechnology Interface: Applications in Medicine and Cosmetology
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Nanotechnology in clothing and fabrics
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Nanotechnology in everything
Nonetechnology exists now in nearly everything now - that’s their goal - to connect EVERYTHING.
Internet of Everything (IoE) - From Molecules to the Universe by Murat Kuscu